"An island, a flower": Madeira

Madeira was on our list of desired locations for a long time already. According to the Flora of Madeira 1,163 wild plant species occur on the island, of which 113 are endemic to Madeira. Another 60 are regional endemics. In 2008 we finally took the chance to go there on an Botanical Journey in order to find and record as many wild plants as possible. As usual we kept things easy for ourselves and registered plant species only the first time we found them. For the first time we made a list in advance of all the plant species possibly present (using the index of the Flora of Madeira by Press and Short), so that we could easily mark each of the species we recorded. This proved to be a valuable concept for our future Botanical Journeys! A complete list of the recorded species on Madeira is added below.

On this page you will find (click to jump):

• Used identification keys on the flora of the areas we visited
• A day-by-day report of our Botanical Journey
• A list of all recorded species

Useful identification keys and publications

• H. Costa Neves et al.: Laurissilva da Madeira, caracterização quantitativa e qualitativa (Funchal 1996).
• L.O. Franquinho and A. Da Costa: Madeira Flores Fleurs Flowers Blumen Blomster Blommor (Lda 1992).
• R. Jardim and D. Francisco: Flora Endémica da Madeira / Endemic Flora of Madeira / Flore Endémique de Madère / Endemische Flora Madeiras (2000).
• G. De Monterey: Madeira, een eiland, een bloem (1983).
• J.R. Press, M.J. Short (eds), Flora of Madeira, published by The Natural History Museum, London, 1994.
• P. Sziemer: Madeira's Natural History in a Nutshell (Lda 2000).
• R. Vieira: Flora da Madeira, interesse das plantas endemicas macaronesicas (1992).
• R. Vieira: Flores da Madeira - Flowers of Madeira - Fleurs de Madère - Blumen Madeiras (without date).
• R. Vieira: Flowers of Madeira (Porto/Funchal 1974).

Report of this BotanicalJourney

18-04-2008: Surroudings of Santo António da Serra (Google map)

Most of the plant lovers, including ourselves, hate to be in the car. When we visited the isle of Crete in 2003 we made the mistake of being to far away from many interesting locations, so we were in our rental-car too much of the time. This is why we chose to rent several holiday homes in Madeira so that we could reach a lot of areas without being in the car for most of the time. Roughly the first half of our stay we spent on the east coast of Madeira. The second half of our holiday was spent on the west coast and the last days were on the east coast again. As was to be expected, the two areas were totally different in plant species.

Our first accommodation was in Santo Antonio da Serra. The first day we decided to leave our car at the hotel and make a walk. The first day of our Botanical Journey is traditionally a day with few kilometers and many, many plants to record. In this case, our walk paid off with 213 recorded species. We turned to the south from the main road in the village of Santo Antonio da Serra. This part of our walk was in a populated area, but several fallow fields produced nice plant species. For example Scorpiurus vermiculatus (see picture) and Scorpiurus muricatus (see picture below) were right next to each other, enabling us to look at the differences carefully.

Soon we entered a forest, where we followed a "levada". Levadas are used for irrigation purposes and throughout the island many walking paths follow these small canals. They are mostly easy to walk by because they are almost horizontal and what's more important: they provide many plant species with fresh water. The surroundings of these levadas are therefore very rich in plants. There were for example many ferns: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Adianthum hispidulum, Adiantum reniforme, Asplenium onopteris, Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens, Anogramma leptophylla, Athyrium filix-femina, Blechnum spicant, Cystopteris diaphana, Polypodium macronesium, Polystichum drepanum and Woodwardia radicans. The levada provided us with some endemic plant species as well: Vaccinium padifolium, Sibthorpia peregrina, Sambucus lanceolata and Arachniodes webbianum subsp. webbianum.

After we had followed the levada for several kilometers we saw a paved road, which we followed back to the village of Santo Antonio. By that time we had recorded many species already, so the last part of our walk did not reveal anything spectacular anymore.

19-04-2008: Peninsula Ponta de São Laurenço (Google map)

West of the town of Caniçal the island points to the east. The peninsula is called "Ponta de São Laurenço" and offers many spectacular sightings on the ocean and the coast line of Madeira. We planned to go as far east as we could. At the roundabout in the main road we stopped for a moment to look around a bit. A narrow path was going over the rocks high above the ocean. The wind was ferocious and there was a considerable amount of salt spray. This resulted in a spectacular vegetation with Lotus glaucus, Calendula maderensis with the parasite Orobanche calendulae on it, Senecio incrassatus, Helichrysum devium (see picture), Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp succulentum, Andryala glandulosa and Matthiola maderensis.

We continued our walk on the other side of the roundabout. A lot of scouts were indulged in some sort of game, but they didn't bother to look at the wild flora. Too bad for them, because they missed Rumex simpliciflorus subsp maderensis, Erodium malacoides (see picture), Trifolium stellatum, Ononis diffusa and Convolvolus althaeoides. Several butterflies were flying around (Danaus plexippus) and we saw the caterpillar of Hyles gecki as well. We followed the main road as far as we could, parked at a car park and started walking to the east then. This was not an easy matter: heavy wind and salt spray made it impossible to continue at a certain point. It should have been really nice to go all the way to the east but we were not in luck. Nevertheless there were many wild flowers to admire everywhere, like Plantago aschersonii, Silene uniflora and Echium nervosum.

20-04-2008: Pico do Arieiro (Google map)

"And now for something completely different". The third day of our visit to Madeira we decided not to go to the coast, but we tried to find plants at a higher altitude. We followed the road ER202 up to the Pico do Arieiro. This mountain has an altitude of 1,818 meters above sea level. The surroundings are rocky and barren but in the valleys where the water accumulates, nice plants can be found. On the way up to the top we passed a levada on the left side of the road, near a pick-nick location. Brick walls were built to transport the water horizontally. We followed the levada for a while. On the walls there were Arabis alpina subsp caucasica, Asplenium trichomanes subsp maderensis, Polysticum falcinellum and Sedum farinosum. The levada led us through Erica arborea shrubbery, where some nice species could be found as well: Rumex bucephalophorus subsp canariensis var fruticosa, Ranunculus cortusifolius (see picture) and Erysimum bicolor.

After that we drove all the way up, until the road ended at a concrete building. The walls of this building were covered with many lizards (Teira dugesii subsp dugesii) and Sinapidendron frutescens var frutescens grew there as well. From the car park (be there early if you want to find a parking space) a path goes into the mountains (the Google map is not exact because of some orientation problems). At first it was a bit crowded, but after a couple of hundreds of meters most of the tourists were turning back to their cars. Right next to the path was a large specimen of Plantago arborescens subsp maderensis and again numerous lizards. On the bare rocks we found a plant that was probably Crepis vesicaria subsp andryaloides and there were several large specimens of Helichrysum melaleucum.

Underneath the shrub vegetation the nice yellow flowers of Viola paradoxa (see picture) were present, sometimes with hundreds of individual plants. In the shade of the rocks we found Plantago leiopetala whereas species like Matthiola maderensis, Carlina salicifolia var. salicifolia and Andryala glandulosa were found on more exposed locations. Many endemic plant species were present as well, such as Aeonium glandulosum, Aichryson divaricatum, Anthyllis lemanniana, Armeria maderensis, Berberis maderensis, Echium candicans, Erica maderensis, Geranium palmatum, Teline maderensis, Tolpis macrorhiza and many, many others. This was a VERY good plance for plant hunting indeed! The road continued through a tunnel and by the time we reached a large specimen of Melanoselinum decipens it was time to return to the car. We would follow the rest of the path later on, discovering even more endemic plant species.

20-04-2008: Levada da Serra Faial (Google map)

Do not go here. The part of the Levada da Serra Faial we visited was on the "Pico dos Porcos". You could smell very well why this pico was called like that. The vegetation was near to the pig-farms so as you can imagine, it was not very interesting: we saw Cedronella canariensis, Ageratina adenophora, Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium and Salix canariensis.

21-04-2008: Ribeiro Frio (Google map)

Ribeiro Frio Natural Park is a very good location for plant hunting. If you like to do it the easy way, you can start in the village where there are signs with the names of the tree species. But if you walk into the forests, things get a bit more difficult. We decided to walk eastwards (we did try a path west, but is was very crowded and did not result in many interesting plant species). In the forest we followed the "Levada do Furado". There was a sign that said it was forbidden, but we paid no attention to it. Later we discovered that the edge of the levada was indeed not very stable and for people with fear of heights is would not have been a pleasant walk. Nevertheless, we saw lots of Geranium palmatum (see picture) and many other nice things. Aeonium glandulosum always looks as if someone has thrown a blur of paint against a rock; it's a very special plant.

On the moist edge of the levada we found several orchids: Gennaria diphylla, Dactylorhiza foliosa and Neotinea maculata. There were also Asplenium monanthes, Carex lowei, Euphorbia mellifera, Frangula azorica, Isoplexis sceptrum, Musschia wollastonii, Peucedanum lowei, Phyllis nobla, Bystropogon maderensis and Asplenium monanthes. On the rocks there were both Aichryson divaricatum and Aichryson villosum, as well as Echium candicans (see  picture). In the forest we saw many Argyranthemum pinnatifidum and near a chicken ren we found Umbilicus rupestris on a wall and Urtica membranacea.

21-04-2008: Porta da Cruz (Google map)

We decided to drive to the coast again. In the village of Porta da Cruz we discovered a nice place to eat (right across the road at the ATM) and we looked for plants again. From the inlands a small river flew into the ocean at Porta da Cruz. When we were there, there was not a lot of water in the river, so we could easily walk on the banks of the river. Against the brick walls were a lot of Aeonium glandulosum with lots of flowers. We turned right on the beach, where there was a very high cliff (sometimes parts of it came falling down). At the bottom of the cliff we found several plants, like Centaurium maritimum, Chenopodium ambrosioides subsp. ambrosioides, Chenopodium opulifolium, Cyperus rotundus, Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia, Legousia falcata, Silybum marianum, Sinapidendron frutescens var. succulentum, Smilax canariensis, Soleirolia soleirolii, and Veronica peregrina.

22-04-2008: São Jorge (Google map)

The next day we went up north, to São Jorge. We parked our car somewhere in the village. An unpaved path led us through vineyards towards the lighthouse. We saw here an endemic bumblebee (Bombus madeirensis) on Lavandula stoechas subsp. maderensis (see picture). In one of the fields we discovered a plant of which we didn't know the name. A visitor to our site told us it was Ixia paniculata, an introduced Iridaceae (see picture below). He sure was right (thanks Hanno!). At some point we followed a narrow path over the cliffs towards the "Ponta de S. Jorge", where there was an old harbor.

Again there were lots of wild plants. Aeonium glutinosum was again present everywhere. Globularia salicina was abundant as well and on the bare rocks we saw Plantago aschersonii, Crepis divaricata, Crepis vesicaria subsp. andryaloides, Sedum nudum and Tolpis succulenta. Where the path became very narrow we discovered Pelargonium capitatum and Senecio mikanoides. Finally we had descended all the way to the old harbor. The scenery was spectacular. We followed a sort of paved road all the way back to the village. On that road we found Wahlenbergia lobelioides (subsp. lobeliodes) and next to the road Gnidia polystachya and Eugenia uniflora.

23-04-2008: Cabo Girão (Google map)

Cabo Girão is a viewpoint that is very popular with many tourists. They have built a hotel next to it as well. A little bit east of this "resort" we found a path going downhill through vineyards and agricultural fields. Because of the variation in land use, this path offered many spectacular views on the ocean and also many wild flower species. The path passed a well where we recorded some marshy species. Further down we passed several reddish rocks with Pteris vittata, Andryala crithmifolia, Crassula multicava, Sedum fusiforme and Medicago orbicularis. In the edges of the agricultural fields we found Trachelium caeruleum subsp caeruleum, Tradescantia fluminensis, Urtica portosancta and Gladiolus italicus. Next to the path we saw Andyala crithmifolia, Monizia edulis, Cyperus eragrostis, Sinapidendron angustifolium, Euphorbia piscatoria, Campanula erinus (see picture), Misopates calycinum and Cyperus eragrostis.

24-04-2008: Achada do Teixeira (Google map)

A couple of days ago we had gone all the way up to the Pico do Arieiro. As you have seen, we were rewarded with lots of endemic plant species, but due to the time we had to go back at the large Melanoselinum decipens. Well, it turned out that the same path could be reached from the north as well. So we drove to the parking site "Achada da Teixeira" and followed the path to the Pico Ruivo (1,862 meter above sea level) and to the Pico do Ariero. Several new endemics revealed themselves to us: Genista tenera, Luzula seubertii, Armeria maderensis (see picture), Scrophularia hirta and Sinapidendron rupestre. Other nice species were: Aristida adscensionis, Anthyllis lemanniana, Odontites holliana and Luzula seubertii. We again passed that same Melanoselinum decipens so we knew it was time to go back then.

24-04-2008: Achada do Roque (Google map)

On our way down from the Pico Ruivo, we stopped at a parking site near "Achada do Roque". We walked north alongside the Levada do Caldeirão Verde, but this did lead to only two new species: Barbarea verna and Mentha suaveolens.

24-04-2008: Coast of Fajã do Mar (Faial) (Google map)

North of the town of Faial a road led to the coast. We parked the car where the muddy road started and walked down to the ocean. There was a small harbor, in which three fishermen were able to steer their boat through heavy waves and got to the shore safely. It was an amazing sight. Apart from Jasminum odoratissimum we did not see any particular interesting new plant species there. Species we recorded earlier already were Stachys ocymastrum, Vicia lutea and Echium nervosum.

25-04-2008: Cova das Pedras (Google map)

From the town of Porto da Cruz two paths goes went east, in the direction of Caniçal. One of these paths was on the shore of the ocean, but we followed the one on the cliffs. Again many spectacular views over the ocean and the steep cliffs. And also several nice wild flowers! Aichryson villosum, Festuca jubata, Geranium maderense, IIex canariensis, Rubus vahlii, Solanum patens and Teucrium betonicum were the endemics we found here. Nice to see were Euphorbia mellifera, Adianthum reniforme, Asplenium hemionitis and Sparaxis tricolor.

25-04-2008: Caniçal (Google map)

We ended our day near the coast of Caniçal. We followed the road all the way down to the "beach" and left the car at a swimming pool. We walked westwards from there and saw Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. tenuiflorum, Medicago sativa, Parentucellia viscosa and Tinantia erecta. We saw a lot of Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) flying around and we knew that Asclepias fruticosa should be the plant on which the caterpillars live. Since there were many of these plants on that location, it took us only very little time to find the caterpillars too (see picture). They were magnificent to see! A nice way to end our stay on the east coast of Madeira.

26-04-2008: Paul da Serra (Google map)

We were now about halfway our stay in Madeira, so we "moved" to the northwest coast of the island. Attracted by the straight lines of the roads in the middle of the island, in an area called Paul da Serra, we decided to have a look there. Paul da Serra was a very flat part of the island that was rich in water. Most of the plants are only one or two centimeters high, like Gamochaeta pensylvanica, Erodium cicutarium, Plantago coronopus, Teesdalia nudicaulis, Hypochoeris glabra, Juncus capitatus (see picture) and Logfia minima. Very spectacular was the finding of a large area covered with Illecebrum verticillatum. These plants are so small that, while we were on our knees photographing them, a French tourist stopped and asked if we were looking for insects ('chargez-vous des insects?'). Amongst the few shrubs that can be found on Paul da Serra are Cytisus multiflorus and Ulex euopaeus.

26-04-2008: Porto Moniz (Google map)

Our second holiday home was in the town of Lombada Velha. Unfortunately we could not get there by car because the roads were closed due to a street racing event. So we had to spend some hours doing nothing, or… looking for plants! To do this, we went to Porto Moniz, the northern part of Madeira. At first we relaxed a bit at a parking lot near a fire department. We found Ammi visnaga, Lepidium bonariense, Papaver pinnatifidum, Ranunculus muricatus and Ranunculus parviflorus. After a while we were a bit bored and went to the coast. We followed the road to the most northwest point of the village. A stairway descended to the beach there. Down below we found Asplenium marinum, Cyrtomium falcatum, Parietaria debilis var. micrantha, Pittosporum undulatum and Trifolium subterraneum subsp. subterraneum var subterraneum. We passed some more time in Porto Moniz until the roads were cleared. Then we could finally go to our holiday home in Lombada Velha. It was a perfect home with a nice terrace, sea view and lots of luxurious accessories.

27-04-2008: From Lombada Velha to Ponta del Pargo and back (Google map)

Today we wanted to make a long walk towards the lighthouse of Ponta del Pargo. We followed a road from Lombada Velha to Ponta del Pargo that was not the main road, but a mostly unpaved path a little bit downhill. Just outside the village of Lombada Velha there was a small stream with a lot of frogs. And ticks as well, as it turned out! Farms were spread throughout the area, providing us with a variegated flora that sometimes was not really natural (for example Zantedeschia aethiopica and Strelitza reginae).

Beyond the houses the road became unpaved and the surroundings were more like a forest. Next to the road we found Geranium maderense (see picture). Some specimens had still lots of flowers! We also saw Bystropogon maderensis there. The road from the village of Ponta del Pargo towards the lighthouse led us through a more open landscape. Here we found species like Verbena bonariensis, Trifolium scabrum, Trifolium striatum and Scolymus maculatus. There were a lot of grasshoppers in the grassy vegetation. From the lighthouse we went eastwards where we found a perfect establishment to drink tea and eat cake. We continued our route on several unpaved roads or even through fields in which we found Ornithogalum thyrsoides. After that we followed the main road back to Lombada Velha.

28-04-2008: Paúl do Mar (Google map)

When you browse through the Flora of Madeira you will notice that the village of Paúl do Mar is mentioned in relation to the occurence of specific plant species several times. These are all species that grow in a salty environment. It turned out that, according to some books we read, there should be several salt pools in Paúl do Mar that are related to a tuna canning factory. We had high expectations of finding new species there, so we drove to Paúl do Mar. When we arrived, it was a bit difficult to find the salt pools. Eventually we asked around a bit and local people told us that the salt pools were "of no use" and therefore had been turned into a football field. And indeed we found that football field near the ocean. There still were some remains of a salty environment, but the vegetation was not interesting at all. Capsicum annuum, Elytrigia repens, Lepidium virginicum and Musa acuminata were the only new species we saw. If you are looking for plants: do not go to Paúl do Mar. People say that it is a very good spot for surfing, though!

28-04-2008: Encumeada (Google map)

Since we were not in luck at the ocean, we decided to go up to a higher level again. We chose Encumeada as our next destination (about 1,000 meters above sea level). At first we climbed up to a tower but this path did not lead us anywhere. Therefore we took a path southwards instead. There were some nice plants to see. At a very wet spot in the path we saw Lythrum junceum (see picture) for example. But further on, the forest became more dense and the vegetation was not very variegated anymore. Therefore we decided to return to the car. Then we followed a Levada to the west: Levada das Rabadas. This was truly a spectacular walk! And there were many wild flowers again, so we recommend this walk to any plant hunter. The path led through several tunnels so you really have to take a torch with you.

Right at the beginning of the path we saw many specimens of Dactylorhiza foliosa. Further on there were several very large specimens of Echium candicans as well. Other nice findings at Encumeada were Apollonias barbujana subsp. barbujana, Cynoglossum creticum, Deschampsia argentea, Hypericum canariense, Hypericum undulatum, Juncus foliosus and Syzygium jambos. At one point there was a tunnel of about 5 kilometers long. This was a bit exhausting because the ceiling was low so we had to bend over a bit when we walked through it. The scenery at the other end of the tunnel (we were then in Paul da Serra) was again magnificent. Unfortunately it was late already so we had to go back to the car.

29-04-2008: Coast of Porto Moniz > Seixal and Laurisilva near Ribeira Funda (Google map)

During our stay on Madeira we have used the main road ER101 between Porto Moniz and Santana several times. We had noticed the small roads parallel to the main road between Porto Moniz and São Vicente. These roads follow the coast line underneath breathtaking cliffs. The roads appear to be very dangerous: signs warn the visitor (in English!) for "rock fall danger" and clearly state that "usage [is] under exclusive and only responsibility of users". In periods of heavy rainfall or when it is windy, the roads are closed for traffic. We tried to follow as much of these narrow roads as possible between Porto Moniz and Seixal. Some of them were accessible by car, but most of the roads we followed walking (serious rock fall had closed down some parts of the track even for 4x4 cars). For people who take a close look at the rocks perhaps it would be best to use a helmet (but of course we didn't). We found wild flowers that are typical for rocky environments, like Aeonium glandulosum (full of flowers - see picture), Sedum farinosum, Sinapidendron gymnocalyx and Davalliana canariensis. In small grassy fields at the bottom of the cliffs, next to the road, we found Trifolium incarnatum, Pericallis aurita and a Crepis we could not identify properly.

At one pont there was a road going land inward through some tunnels. We followed that road, which led us to the village of Ribeira Funda. Next to the road we saw a field full of Limonium sinuatum in various colours. Apparently it was cultivated here. We passed the village and got into wine fields where we saw Allium triquetrum on disused pieces of land. Soon the path went into the forest. This was one of the famous Laurisilva forests that are present on Madeira. We saw several ferns, of which Woodwardia radicans was really gigantic. Two other nice and more modest ferns were Arachnoides webbianum subsp webbianum and Dryopteris aitoniana. In a fallow field we saw Urtica morifolia (a stinging nettle that does not sting because it does not have any nettles - see picture), Lotus argyrodes, Arum italicum subsp canariensis and Lathyrus annuus. The path ended high up on the cliff, where a barricade was put up to prevent visitors from walking along the path and falling hundreds of meters down the cliffs.

30-04-2008: Coast of São Vicente > Seixal (Google map)

Yesterdays' trip to the road-underneath-the-cliffs was so successful that we decided to do the same again in the area between São Vicente and Seixal. Again lots of spectacular rock plants everywhere. About half way the main road peeped out of the tunnel for a couple of meters before going in to another tunnel again. Just at that point there was a spectacular river valley. The steep slopes made the valley very impressive, and we followed the river upstream (there is no path, so this can only be done in periods without rain). We saw the shrub Semele androgyna there, of which the flowers grow on the edge of the leaves. Also the endemic Carduus squarrosus could be seen here. We found three new species as well: Kyllinga brevifolia, Lactuca virosa and Ocotea foetens.

30-04-2008: Laurisilva of Chão da Ribeira (Google map)

We wanted to take a more close look on the Laurisilva. More information on this special kind of forest you can find in H. Costa Neves' book "Laurissilva da Madeira" (in Portuguese). We drove to Chão da Ribeira because according to literature that was one of the places to see a more or less undisturbed Laurisilva. We parked our car at a sort of childrens' playground and then we followed the unpaved road. Multiple impressive land slides were visible on both sides of the valley (you can see them clearly on the Google map image as well). Near a small stream we found Geranium rubescens. Then the path went uphill into the woods. We followed it all the way up over the highest part of the hill. We were not able to reproduce the exact route on the Google map because of the trees that make the path invisible on aerial photos. Well, just follow your nose and keep going up as far as you can. You will be rewarded because the Laurisilva indeed is very beautiful. A lot of Laurobasidium lauri grows there. That is a toadstool that grows on the Laurel trees. On the ground we found Hymenophyllum wilsonii, probably the most beautiful fern you have ever seen.

01-05-2008: Lavada da central da Ribeira da Janela (Google map)

We got to have another opportunity to see some more of the Laurisilva when we walked along the Levada da central da Ribeira da Janela. It appeared to be way less impressive than the forest near Chão da Ribeira. The path however was much more easy to find and to follow: it ran alongside a levada and we followed that until we got bored. Two fern species we found here are definitely worth mentioning: Adianthum hispidulum and Asplenium aethiopicum subsp braithwaitii (see picture). When we were taking a break and eating a sandwich, several Fringilla coelebs subsp maderensis (an endemic bird (sub)species) were interested in joining. They ate small pieces of bread right from our hands.

02-05-2008: Portela (Google map)

Because the next visitors of our holiday home would arrive today, we had to leave Lombada Velha unfortunately. We had just been getting used to the well-equipped home. We both liked the coast near Porta da Cruz very much, so we decided to spend our last two nights on Madeira in a hotel there. For the last time we visited a more or less higher region: Portela (about 620 meter above sea level). We parked our car there and followed a dirt road just past the souvenir sellers. We continued this road for a reasonable time. Next to the road there were Convolvolus massonii, Vaccinium padifolium (see picture) and Digitalis purpurea. In a grassy field left of the road we saw Sisyrinchium rosulatum and Lobelia urens.

02-05-2008: Porto Cruz (Google map)

Back in Porto da Cruz we ate chips and burgers near the ATM again (the staff was really getting to know us already) before we made an evening walk. During this walk we followed the coast line and climbed the hill with the ruin on it. This brought us three new species: Lythrum hyssopifolia, Malva verticillata and Vicia pubescens.

02-05-2008: Ponta Delgada (Google map)

According to our notes we also visited Ponta Delgada today, but to be honest, I don't remember where we were exactly. So I can not give you a hint on Google map here. Too bad for anyone who wants to find Convolvulus massonii; you have to find the exact location for yourself I'm afraid! We now got the feeling that we had seen so many wild plants on Madeira already that it almost was not possible anymore for us to find any new species. We were, so to say, "ready" and satisfied with our results.
 

03-05-2008: Monte > Jardim Botánico (Google map)

The last day of our stay on Madeira we went to what soon appeared to be the most touristic hotspot on Madeira: the town of Monte. We parked our car on a huge parking lot and walked through the tourists and the entertainers-for-the-tourists to the other end of the village. There was a cableway from the Botanical Garden in Funchal going all the way to Monte. If you turn right at the cableway station, you can follow a unpaved road through the forest. For us this was a rather interesting walk that finally led us to the Botanical Garden in Funchal (and that is a destination for an interesting excursion as well). The number of new species we encountered had become less every day that we were on Madeira. So to challenge our minds we decided to write down ALL the species we found today. It could be considered as a sort of evaluation of our Botanical Journey on Madeira. It turned out that we found 232 plant species today, including 15 species we had not recorded before on Madeira! Some of these were Bidens pilosa var. pilosa, Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis, Dryopteris maderensis, Lavatera cretica, Lonicera japonica, Lotus macranthus, Ornithopus pinnatus, Solanum villosum subsp. villosum, Trifolium angustifolium, Trifolium ligusticum, Urtica urens and Vulpia myuros.

In total we have recorded 657 different plant species during our stay on Madeira.

List of the recorded plant species

PLEASE NOTE:
Mostly only the first finding of species is displayed. So in most cases species that were both recorded on the 28th and the 29th of April ONLY are noted on the 28th of April. On the 3th of May we recorded all species we found.
 
For all of the plant species we have indicated the region in which the species occur, according to the Flora of Madeira:
M = Madeira
P = Porto Santo
D = Desertas
S = Salvages

We have also added the endemics, according to the Flora of Madeira:
E = Endemic for Madeira
C = Endemic for the Canary Islands
K = Endemic for Cap Verde
A = Endemic for the Azores

18-04-2008: Surroudings of Santo António da Serra (Google map)

Acacia mearnsii (M)
Acacia melanoxylon (M)
Achyranthes sicula (MS)
Adiantum capillus-veneris (MDP)
Adiantum hispidulum (M)
Adiantum reniforme (MD)
Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis (M)
Agave americana (M)
Agave attenuata (M)
Ageratina adenophora (MP) = Eupatorium adenophorum
Agrimonia eupatoria subsp. eupatoria (M)
Allium triquetrum (M)
Aloe arborescens
Anagallis arvensis (MDPS)
Anogramma leptophylla (MDP)
Anthemis cotula (MP)
Anthoxanthum odoratum (M)
Aphanes microcarpa (M)
Apium nodiflorum (M)
Arachniodes webbianum subsp. webbianum (M)
Arctium minus (M)
Arundo donax (MDP)
Asplenium onopteris (M)
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens (M)
Aster squamatus (MP)
Athyrium filix-femina (M)
Avena fatua (MP)
Bellis perennis (M)
Bidens biternata (M)
Bidens pilosa var minor (MS)
Bituminaria bituminosa (MP)
Blechnum spicant (M)
Brachypodium distachyum (MDP)
Brachypodium sylvaticum (MP)
Briza maxima (MDP)
Briza minor (MP)
Bromus catharticus (M) = Ceratochloa cathartica
Bromus madritensis (MDP)
Bromus rubens (M)
Brugmansia suaveolens (M)
Calluna vulgaris (M)
Capsicum frutescens (M)
Carex divisa (M)
Carex muricata subsp. lamprocarpa (MP)
Cedronella canariensis (M)
Centranthus calcitrapae subsp. calcitrapae (M)
Centranthus ruber subsp. ruber (M)
Cerastium fontanum subsp. vulgare (MDP)
Cerastium glomeratum (MDP)
Chelidonium majus (M)
Chrysanthemum coronarium (MPS)
Cirsium vulgare
Clinopodium vulgare subsp. arundanum (M)
Colocasia esculenta (M)
Conyza canadensis (M)
Conyza sumatrensis (M)
Coronopus didymus (MDPS)
Cotula australis (MDP)
Crassula multicava (M)
Crocosmia x crocosmiflora (M)
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis (M)
Cynosurus echinatus (MPS)
Cyperus eragrostis (M)
Cystopteris diaphana (M)
Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius (MDP)
Dactylis glomerata (MP)
Danthonia decumbens (M)
Dicksonia antarctica (M)
Digitalis purpurea (MD)
Dryopteris aemula (M)
Duchesnea indica (M)
Echium plantagineum (MDPS)
Equisetum telmateia (MP)
Erica arborea (M)
Erigeron karvinskianus (M)
Eriocephalus africanus (M)
Euphorbia helioscopia (MP)
Euphorbia peplus (MDP)
Fagus sylvatica
Ficus carica (MDP)
Foeniculum vulgare (MP)
Fragaria vesca (M)
Fuchsia magellanica (M)
Fumaria capreolata (M)
Fumaria muralis var. lowei (M)
Galactites tomentosa var. crinita (MDP)
Galium aparine (MPS)
Geranium dissectum (MP)
Geranium purpureum (MP)
Geranium robertianum (M)
Geranium rotundifolium (MDP)
Hedera helix subsp. canariensis (M)
Helichrysum foetidum var. citreum (M)
Helminthotheca echioides = Picris echioides (MDP)
Holcus lanatus (MDPS)
Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum (M)
Hydrangea macrophylla (MP)
Hypericum grandifolium (M)
Hypericum humifusum (M)
Hypericum perfoliatum (M)
Hypochoeris radicata (M)
Ipomoea indica (M)
Juncus effusus (M)
Juncus sorrentinii (M)
Lapsana communis subsp. communis (M)
Lathyrus clymenum (MDP)
Lathyrus sphaericus (M)
Laurus azorica (M)
Leucanthemum vulgare (M)
Lolium multiflorum (MP)
Lonicera etrusca var. glabra (M)
Lotus ornithopodioides (M)
Lunaria annua (M)
Luzula multiflora subsp. congesta (M?P)
Lythrum junceum (MP)
Medicago polymorpha (MDP)
Mercurialis annua var. ambigua (MDPS)
Misopates orontium subsp. orontium (MDP)
Myosotis arvensis (M)
Nasturtium officinale (MP)
Nerium oleander (M)
Oenothera glazioviana
Ononis mitissima (MDP)
Origanum vulgare subsp. virens (MP)
Ornithopus compressus (MP)
Oxalis corniculata (MPS)
Oxalis pes-caprae (MP)
Oxalis purpurea (M)
Papaver somniferum subsp. somniferum (MDP)
Parietaria debilis var. gracilis (MDP)
Paspalidium geminatum (M)
Passiflora subpeltata (M)
Phalaris aquatica (MDP)
Physalis peruviana (MP)
Pilea microphylla (M)
Pinus pinaster (M)
Plantago lanceolata (MDP)
Plantago major subsp. major (MP)
Poa annua (M)
Poa trivialis (M)
Podranea ricasoliana (M)
Polygonum aviculare (MP?S)
Polygonum capitatum (M) = Persicaria capitata
Polygonum hydropiper (M) = Persicaria hydropiper
Polypodium macaronesicum (MDP)
Polypogon viridis (MP)
Polystichum drepanum (M)
Portulaca oleracea subsp. oleracea (MP)
Prunella vulgaris (M)
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (MDP) = Gnaphalium luteo-album
Pteridium aquilinum (MDPS)
Quercus robur
Ranunculus repens (M)
Reseda media (M)
Rhododendron ponticum (M)
Ricinus communis (MPS)
Rubia occidens (M)
Rumex acetoselIa subsp. pyrenaicus (M)
Rumex conglomeratus (M)
Rumex crispus (MP)
Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius (M)
Sagina procumbens (MDP)
Sambucus lanceolata (M)
Sanguisorba hybrida (M) (first erroneous noted for S. minor)
Scorpiurus muricatus (MP)
Scorpiurus vermiculatus (M)
Scrophularia scorodonia (M)
Selaginella denticulata (MDP)
Selaginella kraussiana (M)
Semele androgyna (M)
Senecio mikanoides (M)
Senecio petasitis (M)
Senecio sylvaticus (MDP)
Senecio vulgaris (MDP)
Sherardia arvensis (MPS)
Sibthorpia peregrina (MP)
Silene gallica (M)
Smilax aspera (M)
Solanum mauritianum (M)
Solanum nigrum subsp. nigrum (MDPS)
Solanum villosum subsp. miniatum (M)
Sonchus asper subsp. asper (MD)
Sonchus oleraceus (MDPS)
Spergula arvensis (M)
Stachys arvensis (MDP)
Stachys ocymastrum (MP)
Stellaria media (MP)
Stellaria uliginosa (M)
Strelitzia reginae
Tamus edulis (M)
Taraxacum officinale agg. (M)
Tradescantia fluminensis (M)
Trifolium campestre (MDP)
Trifolium dubium (MP)
Trifolium pratense (M)
Trifolium repens var. repens (M)
Tropaeolum majus (MP)
Ulex europaeus subsp. europaeus (M)
Umbilicus horizontalis (MPS)
Umbilicus rupestris (MDP)
Urtica membranacea (MDPS)
Vaccinium padifolium (M)
Valerianella carinata (M)
Veronica arvensis (MP)
Veronica persica (M)
Vicia hirsuta (MDP)
Vicia parviflora (MDP) = Vicia tetrasperma subsp. gracilis
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (MP)
Vinca major (M)
Viola arvensis (M)
Viola odorata (M)
Woodwardia radicans (M)
Zantedeschia aethiopica (M)

19-04-2008: Peninsula Ponta de São Laurenço (Google map)

Aeonium arboreum (MP)
Aizoon canariense (MDPS)
Ammi majus (MDPS)
Andryala glandulosa (M)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum (M)
Astragalus pelecinus (MDPS) = Biserrula pelecinus
CalenduIa arvensis (MDPS)
CalenduIa maderensis (MD)
Carpobrotus edulis (MP)
Cenchrus ciliaris (MP)
Chenopodium murale var. spissidentatum (MDP)
Convolvulus althaeoides (MP)
Crithmum maritimum (MDP)
Cuscuta epithymum subsp. epithymum (MPS)
Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima (MP)
Cynodon dactylon (MP)
Datura stramonium (MP)
Davallia canariensis (MDP)
Echium nervosum (MDP)
Erodium malacoides (MDP)
Euphorbia terracina (MP)
Ficus elastica (M)
Globularia salicina (MDP)
Hedypnois cretica (MP)
Helichrysum devium (M)
Hirschfeldia incana (MD)
Hordeum marinum subsp. gussoneanum (MP)
Hyparrhenia hirta (MP)
Juncus acutus subsp. acutus (MP)
Lagurus ovatus (MDP)
Lamarckia aurea (MDP)
Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. longirostris (MDP)
Linaria maroccana (M)
Linum strictum (MP)
Linum usitatissimum (M)
Lotus glaucus (MDPS)
Matthiola maderensis (MDP)
Medicago minima var. minima (MDP)
Melilotus indicus (MDP)
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (MDPS)
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum (MDPS)
Ononis diffusa (MDP)
Orobanche calendulae (P)
Phagnalon saxatile (MDPS)
Phalaris coerulescens (MDP)
Plantago aschersonii (M)
Plantago coronopus (MDPS)
Plantago lagopus (MP)
Polygonum maritimum (MDP)
Rumex simpliciflorus subsp. maderensis (M)
Scolymus maculatus (MP)
Senecio incrassatus (MDPS)
Silene uniflora (MDPS)
Solanum linnaeanum (M)
Sonchus ustulatus subsp. maderensis (MPS)
Spergularia marina (MP)
Stipa capensis (MDPS)
Suaeda vera (MDPS)
Tamarix gallica (MP)
Tolpis succulenta (MDP)
Trifolium glomeratum (MDP)
Trifolium stellatum (M)
Vulpia muralis (MDP)

20-04-2008: Pico do Arieiro (Google map)

Aeonium glandulosum (MDP)
Aichryson divaricatum (MD)
Aichryson villosum (MDP)
Anthyllis lemanniana (M)
Arabidopsis thaliana var. thaliana (MD)
Arabis alpina subsp. caucasica (M)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. pinnatifidum (M)
Armeria maderensis (M)
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. maderense (M)
Berberis maderensis (M)
Bupleurum salicifolium subsp. Salicifolium var. salicifolium (MP)
Carduus squarrosus (M)
Carlina salicifolia var. salicifolia (MDP)
Cirsium latifolium (M)
Crassula tillaea (MPS)
Draba muralis (M)
Dryopteris aitoniana (M)
Echium candicans (M)
Epilobium tetragonum subsp. tetragonum (M)
Erica maderensis (M)
Erodium cicutarium (MDPS)
Erysimum bicolor (M)
Galium aparine (MPS)
Galium murale (MDP)
Galium productum (M)
Geranium molle (MP)
Geranium palmatum (M)
Helichrysum melaleucum (MDP)
Hypericum perfoliatum (M)
IIex perado subsp. perado (M)
Juncus inflexus (MP)
Lemna minor (M)
Lotus pedunculatus (M)
Luzula elegans (M)
Marrubium vulgare (MDP)
Melanoselinum decipiens (M)
Mentha pulegium (MP)
Myosotis discolor (MP)
Odontites holliana (M)
Oenanthe divaricata (MD)
Orobanche minor (MDP)
Pericallis aurita (MP)
Petrorhagia nanteuilii (MDP?S)
Plantago afra (MS)
Plantago arborescens subsp. maderensis (MDP)
Plantago leiopetala (MP)
Poa bulbosa var. vivipara (M)
Polypodium vulgare (M)
Polystichum falcinellum (M)
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Ranunculus cortusifolius (M)
Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. canariensis var. fruticescens (M)
Rumex maderensis (M)
Saxifraga maderensis var. maderensis (M)
Sedum farinosum (M)
Sideritis candicans var. candicans (M)
Sinapidendron frutescens var. frutescens (M)
Sonchus fruticosus (MP)
Sonchus pinnatus (M)
Teesdalia nudicaulis (M)
Teline maderensis (MD)
Teucrium scorodonia (M)
Tolpis macrorhiza (M)
Vicia capreolata (MDP)
Viola paradoxa (M)
Viola riviniana (M)
Vulpia bromoides (MPS)

20-04-2008: Levada da Serra Faial (Google map)

Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium (M)
Salix canariensis (M)

21-04-2008: Ribeiro Frio (Google map)

Acanthus mollis (M)
Acer pseudoplatanus (M)
Ageratina riparia (M)
Aira praecox (M)
Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. bulbosum (M)
Asplenium monanthes (M)
Bystropogon maderensis (M)
Callitriche stagnalis (MP)
Carex lowei (M)
Carex peregrina (M)
Castanea sativa
Dactylorhiza foliosa (M)
Diplazium caudatum (M)
Erica scoparia subsp. maderinicola (M)
Euphorbia mellifera (M)
Festuca donax (M)
Frangula azorica (M)
Galinsoga quadriradiata (M)
Galium scabrum (M)
Gennaria diphylla
Geranium lucidum (M)
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (M)
Hypericum glandulosum (MP)
Iboza riparia
Isoplexis sceptrum (M)
Juncus tenuis (M)
Lamium purpureum var. purpureum (M)
Luzula campestris (M)
Melissa officinalis subsp. omcinalis (M)
Musschia wollastonii (M)
Myosotis secunda (M)
Neotinea maculata (M)
Oenotheraerythrosepala
Passiflora mollissima (M)
Petroselinum crispum (MP)
Peucedanum lowei (M)
Phyllis nobla (MDP)
Platanus hispanica (M)
Polygonum lapathifolium (M)
Potentilla anglica (M)
Prunus cerasus (M)
Prunus laurocerasus (M)
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum (MP)
Rosa canina var. pubescens (M)
Ruscus streptophyllus (M)
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosum (MDP)
Stenotaphrum secundatum (MP)
Veronica serpyllüolia (M)
Vicia disperma (MS)
Watsonia meriana (M)

21-04-2008: Porta da Cruz (Google map)

Agrostis pourrettii (M)
Allium neapolitanum (M)
Aptenia cordifolia (MP)
Beta patellaris (MPS)
CalenduIa officinalis (MP)
Campanula erinus (MDP)
Carthamus lanatus (MP)
Centaurium maritimum (M)
Chenopodium album (MP)
Chenopodium ambrosioides subsp. ambrosioides (M)
Chenopodium opulifolium (MP)
Cyperus rotundus (M)
Frankenia pulverulenta (MP)
Hyoscyamus albus (MDP)
Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia (MS)
Legousia falcata (M)
Linum trigynum (MP)
Lolium perenne (MP)
Medicago lupulina (M)
Nicotiana glauca (MPS)
Papaver dubium subsp. dubium (M)
Polypogon monspeliensis (MDP)
Silybum marianum (MDP)
Sinapidendron frutescens var. succulentum (M)
Smilax canariensis (M)
Soleirolia soleirolii (M)
Veronica peregrina (M)
Vitis riparia (MP)

22-04-2008: São Jorge (Google map)

Aeonium glutinosum (MD)
Aira caryophyllea (MP)
Albizia lophantha (MP)
Alisma lanceolatum (M)
Allium vineale (M)
Amaranthus blitum (MP)
Atriplex prostrata (M)
Brassica oleracea (M)
Cardamine hirsuta (MDP)
Carduus pycnocephalus (M)
Chrysanthemum segetum (MPS)
Citrus medica (M)
Commelina benghalensis (M)
Commelina diffusa (M)
Crepis capillaris var. capillaris (M)
Crepis divaricata (MDPS)
Crepis vesicaria subsp. andryaloides (M)
Digitaria sanguinalis (M)
Eugenia uniflora (M)
Fallopia convolvulus (M)
Gamochaeta calviceps (M)
Gamochaeta filaginea (M)
Gnidia polystachya (M)
Hedychium gardneranum (M)
Imperata cylindrica (M)
Isolepis cernua (MP)
Juncus articulatus (M)
Lathyrus ochrus (MP)
Lavandula stoechas subsp. maderensis (MP)
Lupinus albus subsp. albus (M)
Medicago italica subsp. tornata (P)
Myrica faya (M)
Nothoscordum gracile (M)
Opuntia tuna (MDP)
Oxalis latifolia (M)
Pelargonium capitatum (M)
Persea indica (M)
Polygonum persicaria var. elatum (M)
Prunus dulcis (MP)
Rubus grandifolius var. dissimulatus (M)
Saccharum officinarum (M)
Sagina apetala (MP)
Samolus valerandi (M)
Sedum nudum (MDP)
Sinapidendron gymnocalyx (M)
Tolpis succulenta (MDP)
Trichomanes speciosum (M)
Verbena rigida (M)
Veronica anagallis-aquatica (M)
Wahlenbergia lobelioides (subsp. Lobeliodes) (MDPS)

23-04-2008: Cabo Girão (Google map)

Andryala crithmifolia (M)
Bencomia caudata
Erodium moschatum (M)
Eschscholzia californica (M)
Euphorbia piscatoria (MDP)
Galinsoga parviflora (M)
Gladiolus italicus (MP)
Isatis tinctoria (M)
Lactuca serriola (M)
Malva nicaeensis (M)
Medicago orbicularis (M)
Monizia edulis (MDS)
Pennisetum clandestinum (M)
Phalaris canariensis (M)
Pteris vittata (M)
Reseda luteola (MDP)
Rostraria cristata (MP)
Rumex hydrolapathum
Satureja varia subsp. thymoides var. cacuminicolae (M)
Sedum fusiforme (M)
Setaria verticillata (MDP)
Silene vulgaris (MDP)
Sinapidendron angustifolium (M)
Sinapis arvensis (MDP)
Spartium junceum (M)
Trachelium caeruleum subsp. caeruleum (M)
Trifolium arvense (MDP)
Trifolium tomentosum (M)
Urtica portosanctana (MDPS)
Verbena bonariensis (M)
Vicia benghalensis (MP)

23-04-2008: Funchal-center

Amaranthus deflexus (MP)
Eleusine indica (MP)
Euphorbia prostrata (MP)

24-04-2008: Achada do Teixeira (Google map)

Aristida adscensionis (M)
Carex distans
Genista tenera (M)
Juncus capitatus (M)
Luzula seubertii (M)
Satureja vulgaris
Scrophularia hirta (M)
Sinapidendron rupestre (M)

24-04-2008: Achada do Roque (Google map)

Barbarea verna (M)
Mentha suaveolens (M)

24-04-2008: Coast of Fajã do Mar (Faial) (Google map)

Avena barbata (MDP)
Jasminum odoratissimum (MD)
Sisymbrium officinale (MPS)
Vicia lutea subsp. lutea (MP)

25-04-2008: Cova das Pedras (Google map)

Allium paniculatum (M)
Asplenium hemionitis (MDP)
Bromus hordeaceus subsp. hordeaceus (MDP)
Chaerophyllum temulum
Clinopodium ascendens (MP)
Doodia caudata (M)
Eriobotrya japonica (M)
Festuca jubata (MP)
Geranium maderense (M)
IIex canariensis (M)
Impatiens walleriana (M)
Logfia gallica cf. (M)
Medicago truncatula (MDP)
Parentucellia viscosa (M)
Rubus vahlii (M)
Solanum patens (M)
Sparaxis tricolor (M)
Stipa neesiana (M)
Teucrium betonicum (M)
Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis (M)
Valerianella locusta (M)

25-04-2008: Caniçal (Google map)

Asclepias fruticosa (MP)
Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. tenuiflorum (M)
Festuca arundinacea
Medicago sativa (M)
Setaria pumila (M)
Tinantia erecta (M)

26-04-2008: Paul da Serra (Google map)

Cytisus multiflorus
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (M)
Hypochoeris glabra (MDP)
Illecebrum verticillatum
Juncus bulbosus (M)
Logfia minima (MD)
Sesbania punicea
Thymus caespititius (M)
Verbascum thapsus (M)

26-04-2008: Getting to Porto Moniz

Ambrosia artemisifolia (M)
Ammi visnaga (MP)
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris (MP)
Festuca cinerea
Lepidium bonariense (M)
Papaver pinnatifidum (M)
Ranunculus muricatus (MP)
Ranunculus parviflorus (M)

26-04-2008: Porto Moniz (Google map)

Asplenium marinum (MDP?S)
Cyrtomium falcatum (?MS)
Parietaria debilis var. micrantha (M)
Pittosporum undulatum (M)
Trifolium subterraneum subsp. subterraneum var subterraneum (M)

27-04-2008: From Lombada Velha to Ponta del Pargo and back (Google map)

Allium trifoliatum cf
Amaranthus graecizans (MP)
Amaranthus hybridus (MP)
Apium graveolens var. dolce (M)
Artemisia arborescens (MDP)
Arum italicum subsp. canariense (M)
Borago officinalis (M)
Brassica nigra (MP)
CapselIa bursa-pastoris (MP)
Catapodium rigidum (MDP)
Chamaemelum nobile var. discoideum (M)
Cynosurus effusus (M)
Cyperus esculentus (M)
Cyperus longus (MP)
Euphorbia exigua (M)
Lotus parviflorus (M)
Mentha x rotundifolia
Nicotiana tabacum (MPS)
Ornithogalum thyrsoides
Phalaris minor (MP)
Robinia pseudoacacia (M)
Rubus caesius (M)
Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher (MDPS)
Scabiosa atropurpurea (MP)
Trifolium scabrum (MDP)
Trifolium striatum (MP)

28-04-2008: Paúl do Mar (Google map)

Capsicum annuum
Elytrigia repens (M)
Lepidium virginicum (M)
Musa acuminata

28-04-2008: Encumeada (Google map)

Apollonias barbujana subsp. barbujana (MDP)
Cynoglossum creticum (MP)
Deschampsia argentea (M)
Epilobium obscurum (M)
Hypericum canariense (M)
Hypericum undulatum (M)
Iris pseudacorus (M)
Juncus foliosus (MP)
Juniperus cedrus (M)
Malus domestica (MP)
Prunus persica (MP)
Syzygium jambos (M)

29-04-2008: Coast of Porto Moniz > Seixal (Google map)

Arachniodes webbianum subsp. webbianum (M)
Carex pendula (M)
Festuca rubra (M)
Kickxia lanigera (M)
Lathyrus annuus (M)
Limonium sinuatum (M)
Lolium rigidum subsp. Rigidum var. rigidum (MDPS)
Lotus argyrodes (MDP)
Rosmarinus officinalis (M)
Sedum brissemoretii (M)
Sonchus tenerrimus (MS)
Tolpis barbata (M)
Trifolium incarnatum (M)
Urtica morifolia (M)

30-04-2008: Coast of São Vicente > Seixal (Google map)

Kyllinga brevifolia (M)
Lactuca virosa (MD)
Ocotea foetens (M)

30-04-2008: Laurisilva of Chão da Ribeira (Google map)

Christella dentata (M)
Clethra arborea (M)
Geranium rubescens (M)
Hymenophyllum wilsonii (M)
Hypericum perforatum (M)
Verbena officinalis (MP)

01-05-2008: Lavada da central da Ribeira da Janela (Google map)

Asplenium aethiopicum subsp. braithwaitii (M)

02-05-2008: Portela (Google map)

Lobelia urens (M)
Sisyrinchium rosulatum

02-05-2008: Porto Cruz (Google map)

Lythrum hyssopifolia (MDP)
Malva verticillata
Vicia pubescens (M)

02-05-2008: Ponta Delgada (Google map)

Convolvulus massonii (MD)
 

03-05-2008: Monte > Jardim Botánico (Google map)

Acacia mearnsii (M)
Acanthus mollis (M)
Acer pseudoplatanus (M)
Achyranthes sicula (MS)
Adiantum capillus-veneris (MDP)
Adiantum hispidulum (M)
Adiantum reniforme (MD)
Aeonium arboreum (MP)
Aeonium glandulosum (MDP)
Aeonium glutinosum (MD)
Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis (M)
Agave americana (M)
Ageratina adenophora (MP)
Ageratina riparia (M)
Aichryson divaricatum (MD)
Aichryson villosum (MDP)
Allium triquetrum (M)
Aloe vera (M)
Anagallis arvensis (MDPS)
Anogramma leptophylla (MDP)
Apium nodiflorum (M)
Aptenia cordifolia (MP)
Arabis alpina subsp. caucasica (M)
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. pinnatifidum (M)
Arum italicum subsp. canariense (M)
Arundo donax (MDP)
Asclepias fruticosa (MP)
Asplenium onopteris (M)
Asplenium trichomanes subsp. maderense (M)
Athyrium filix-femina (M)
Avena fatua (MP)
Barbarea verna (M)
Beta patellaris (MPS)
Bidens pilosa var. pilosa (MS)
Bituminaria bituminosa (MP)
Brachypodium sylvaticum (MP)
Briza maxima (MDP)
Bromus catharticus (M)
Bromus madritensis (MDP)
Brugmansia suaveolens (M)
Bystropogon maderensis (M)
Callitriche stagnalis (MP)
Calystegia sepium subsp. sepium (M)
Campanula erinus (MDP)
Capsicum frutescens (M)
Carex divisa (M)
Carlina salicifolia var. salicifolia (MDP)
Castanea sativa
Centranthus calcitrapae subsp. calcitrapae (M)
Centranthus ruber subsp. ruber (M)
Chelidonium majus (M)
Chenopodium album (MP)
Chenopodium ambrosioides subsp. ambrosioides (M)
Christella dentata (M)
Chrysanthemum segetum (MPS)
Cirsium vulgare
Clinopodium vulgare subsp. arundanum (M)
Conyza sumatrensis (M)
Coronopus didymus (MDPS)
Cotula australis (MDP)
Crassula multicava (M)
Crepis capillaris var. capillaris (M)
Crepis vesicaria subsp. andryaloides (M)
Cymbalaria muralis subsp. muralis (M)
Cynoglossum creticum (MP)
Cynosurus echinatus (MPS)
Cyperus eragrostis (M)
Cystopteris diaphana (M)
Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius (MDP)
Danthonia decumbens (M)
Davallia canariensis (MDP)
Deschampsia argentea (M)
Doodia caudata (M)
Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis (M)
Dryopteris aitoniana (M)
Dryopteris maderensis (M)
Duchesnea indica (M)
Echium candicans (M)
Echium plantagineum (MDPS)
Eleusine indica (MP)
Equisetum telmateia (MP)
Erica arborea (M)
Erigeron karvinskianus (M)
Euphorbia peplus (MDP)
Festuca donax (M)
Ficus carica (MDP)
Foeniculum vulgare (MP)
Fuchsia magellanica (M)
Fumaria capreolata (M)
Fumaria muralis var. lowei (M)
Galactites tomentosa var. crinita (MDP)
Galinsoga parviflora (M)
Galium aparine (MPS)
Galium murale (MDP)
Galium productum (M)
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (M)
Geranium dissectum (MP)
Geranium maderense (M)
Geranium molle (MP)
Geranium palmatum (M)
Geranium purpureum (MP)
Geranium rotundifolium (MDP)
Globularia salicina (MDP)
Hedera helix subsp. canariensis (M)
Helminthotheca echioides = Picris echioides (MDP)
Holcus lanatus (MDPS)
Hordeum murinum subsp. Glaucum (M)
Hypericum glandulosum (MP)
Hypericum grandifolium (M)
Hypericum humifusum (M)
Hypericum perforatum (M)
Hypericum undulatum (M)
Hypochoeris radicata (M)
Ipomoea indica (M)
Isolepis cernua (MP)
Juncus articulatus (M)
Juncus effusus (M)
Lactuca serriola (M)
Lactuca virosa (MD)
Lapsana communis subsp. communis (M)
Lathyrus clymenum (MDP)
Laurus azorica (M)
Lavatera cretica (MDPS)
Lemna minor (M)
Leontodon taraxacoides subsp. longirostris (MDP)
Linum usitatissimum (M)
Lolium perenne (MP)
Lonicera japonica (M)
Lotus macranthus (MDP)
Lotus pedunculatus (M)
Lythrum junceum (MP)
Medicago lupulina (M)
Medicago polymorpha (MDP)
Melanoselinum decipiens (M)
Mercurialis annua var. ambigua (MDPS)
Misopates orontium subsp. orontium (MDP)
Nasturtium officinale (MP)
Ornithopus compressus (MP)
Ornithopus pinnatus (MP)
Oxalis corniculata (MPS)
Oxalis pes-caprae (MP)
Papaver dubium subsp. dubium (M)
Parietaria debilis var. gracilis (MDP)
Parietaria debilis var. micrantha (M)
Paspalidium geminatum (M)
Passiflora mollissima (M)
Petroselinum crispum (MP)
Peucedanum lowei (M)
Phyllis nobla (MDP)
Pinus pinaster (M)
Pittosporum undulatum (M)
Plantago coronopus (MDPS)
Plantago lanceolata (MDP)
Plantago major subsp. major (MP)
Poa annua (M)
Poa trivialis (M)
Polygonum aviculare (MP?S)
Polygonum capitatum (M)
Polygonum lapathifolium (M)
Polypodium macaronesium (MDP)
Polypogon viridis (MP)
Polystichum drepanum (M)
Populus L. (M)
Prunella vulgaris (M)
Pseudognaphalium luteo-album (MDP)
Pteridium aquilinum (MDPS)
Pteris vittata (M)
Quercus robur
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum (MP)
Reseda luteola (MDP)
Rhododendron ponticum (M)
Ricinus communis (MPS)
Robinia pseudoacacia (M)
Rumex acetoselIa subsp. pyrenaicus (M)
Rumex maderensis (M)
Rumex obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius (M)
Rumex pulcher subsp. pulcher (MDPS)
Sagina procumbens (MDP)
Salix canariensis (M)
Sambucus lanceolata (M)
Satureja varia subsp. thymoides var. cacuminicolae (M)
Scrophularia scorodonia (M)
Selaginella denticulata (MDP)
Senecio incrassatus (MDPS)
Senecio mikanoides (M)
Senecio petasitis (M)
Senecio vulgaris (MDP)
Sherardia arvensis (MPS)
Sibthorpia peregrina (MP)
Sideritis candicans var. candicans (M)
Silene gallica (M)
Silene vulgaris (MDP)
Sinapis arvensis (MDP)
Sisymbrium officinale (MPS)
Solanum mauritianum (M)
Solanum nigrum subsp. nigrum (MDPS)
Solanum villosum subsp. villosum (M)
Soleirolia soleirolii (M)
Sonchus asper subsp. asper (MD)
Sonchus fruticosus (MP)
Sonchus oleraceus (MDPS)
Sonchus pinnatus (M)
Stachys arvensis (MDP)
Stachys ocymastrum (MP)
Stellaria media (MP)
Stellaria uliginosa (M)
Taraxacum officinale agg. (M)
Tolpis succulenta (MDP)
Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis (M)
Trachelium caeruleum subsp. caeruleum (M)
Tradescantia fluminensis (M)
Trifolium angustifolium (M)
Trifolium campestre (MDP)
Trifolium dubium (MP)
Trifolium ligusticum (MD)
Trifolium repens var. repens (M)
Trifolium tomentosum (M)
Ulex europaeus subsp. europaeus (M)
Umbilicus horizontalis (MPS)
Urtica membranacea (MDPS)
Urtica morifolia (M)
Urtica urens (MP)
Valerianella locusta (M)
Verbena officinalis (MP)
Veronica persica (M)
Vicia disperma (MS)
Vicia hirsuta (MDP)
Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (MP)
Vinca major (M)
Vitis vinifera (M)
Vulpia myuros (MP)
Zantedeschia aethiopica (M)